B. A. 3rd Semester Unit: II- Environmentalism  By Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Environmentalism in Political Science Environmentalism is a political and social movement aimed at protecting and improving the environment's health. It emphasizes reducing human impact on ecosystems and addresses global issues like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss. Relation to Political Science Global Cooperation: Environmental challenges such as deforestation, water scarcity, and climate change require international collaboration. Political Science studies these dynamics through frameworks like global governance and treaties. Policy Formation: Governments implement laws and regulations addressing environmental concerns (e.g., the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement). Environmental Movements:  Activism, like the Chipko Movement in India, demonstrates how grassr...

B. A. Vth Semester,  Unit: IV- Structure of Organization: Line, Staff and Auxiliary Agencies,  Department, Public Corporation By  Dr. Farzeen Bano ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Line and Staff Agencies Introduction An organization operates through a variety of functions, which can be broadly classified into two main types of activities are carried out:   1.  Primary or Functional Activities:  Activities performed to achieve the main objectives of the organization.   2. Institutional or Housekeeping Activities:  Activities not directly related to the main objectives but essential for the organization’s functioning, such as management and support services. Based on these activities, organizations are divided into two arrangements:   1. Line Agency 2. Staff Agency These concepts are fundamental to understandi...

B. A. Vth Semestar Unit VI: Personnel Administration: Recruitment, Training & Pramotion By Dr. Farzeen Bano -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Meaning of Personnel Administration Personnel administration refers to the management and development of human resources within an organization. It focuses on recruiting, training, promoting, and managing employees to achieve organizational goals efficiently and effectively. It is a specialized field of public administration concerned with the proper utilization of human resources. Definitions of Personnel Administration Gladden (1948) : "Personnel administration is the process of managing people at work, encompassing recruitment, training, promotion, discipline, and all other aspects of human resource management." Felix A. Nigro : "Personnel administration is a comprehensive term that includes all aspects of the management of human resources in an organization, from recruitment to retir...

B. A. 5th Semester Unit V: Planning ( With reference to paining in India) By  Dr. Farzeen Bano ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Definition of Planning Planning is a critical function in public administration that ensures the effective utilization of resources to achieve predetermined objectives. It serves as a guide for decision-making and action within an organization or government. Planning can be defined as a systematic process of setting goals, determining priorities, and devising strategies to achieve these goals. It involves forecasting future conditions, assessing available resources, and formulating a roadmap for efficient execution.   - L.D. White: "Planning is the exercise of foresight and systematic thinking about the objectives, resources, and means of achieving them."   - Henry Fayol:  "Planning is deciding the best alternative among all to perform different manag...

Class Notes on B. A. 5th Semester  (Public Administration) Unit:III  Meaning, Definition, and Principles of Organization By  Dr. Farzeen Bano ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Meaning of Organization The term " organization " refers to the structured arrangement of individuals working collaboratively to achieve specific objectives. This system coordinates efforts, allocates resources, and establishes a hierarchy to facilitate the accomplishment of tasks in a systematic and efficient manner. Definition of Organization Various scholars and administrators have provided definitions that emphasize different aspects of the organizational structure and functioning: Mooney and Reiley (1939): They described organization as a systematic arrangement, where the primary goal is to maintain order and ensure the smooth execution of tasks.   Henri Fayol: He focused on the roles within an organization, defining it as a process tha...