By Dr. Farzeen 🟩 Topic: Concept of Rights 1. Meaning of Rights The term “Right” refers to those claims or entitlements that are recognized and protected by society or the state, allowing individuals to act in certain ways. Rights are essential for the free and full development of human personality and are the foundation of liberty, equality, and justice in a democratic society. Simple Meaning: Rights mean “what is permitted or allowed to do” under moral or legal rules. Example: The right to education allows every child to go to school; the right to freedom of speech allows individuals to express their opinions. 2. Definitions of Rights T.H. Green: “Rights are those powers which individuals possess to secure the common good.” → This means that rights are not only for individual benefit but also for the welfare of society. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be at his best.” John Locke: “Rights are natur...

 Unit- IV:  “Civic Consciousness and Democratic Responsibility” are: Political Obligation Commitment Sensitization Tolerance Accountability 🏛️ Civic Consciousness and Democratic Responsibility 🌿 Meaning of Civic Consciousness Civic consciousness means being aware of one’s rights and duties as a citizen and understanding how our actions affect society and the nation. It is about realizing that citizenship is not only about enjoying rights but also about actively contributing to the community, respecting laws, and promoting social harmony. In simple words, it means: “Knowing what is right for the nation — and doing your part to make it better.” 📘 Meaning of Democratic Responsibility Democratic responsibility refers to the duties and moral obligations of citizens to protect democratic values such as freedom, equality, tolerance, and justice . It means participating in public life responsibly — by voting, questioning leaders, respecting diversit...

By Dr. Farzeen Unit-4 Global Perspective on Women’s Health I. Introduction: Understanding Women’s Health in Global Context Women’s health is not limited to biological differences between men and women. It is a multidimensional concept , encompassing physical, mental, reproductive, and social well-being — influenced by gender inequality, poverty, education, culture, and policy frameworks. Globally, women face unique health challenges due to: Biological roles (pregnancy, childbirth, menopause). Socio-economic barriers (discrimination, limited healthcare access). Cultural practices (female genital mutilation, early marriage). Political and economic inequalities that limit decision-making power. II. Key Global Determinants of Women’s Health Social Determinants of Health (SDH): Education, income, nutrition, gender discrimination, and access to healthcare shape women’s health outcomes. The WHO identifies social determinants as key to reducing health inequit...