Unit II : Law,  Power, Authority & Legitimacy By  Dr. Farzeen Bano -----------------------------------------------   Concept of Law 1. Meaning of Law The term Law refers to a set of rules that regulate human behaviour and relationships in society. These rules tell people what they ought to do and what they ought not to do . In ordinary life, we follow many rules. Some are descriptive, while others are prescriptive. Two broad types of rules 1. Descriptive Rules Describe how things actually happen. They explain relationships between events or phenomena. They are generally associated with the natural and social sciences. Example: Law of Gravitation in physics. Law of Diminishing Returns in economics. These laws operate irrespective of human choice. 2. Prescriptive Rules Tell people what they should do or should not do . They regulate human conduct. They require compliance from members of a group or society. Example: A citizen must obey traffic regulations. A person mu...

  Unit IX : Marxism: Karl Marx By Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Karl Marx’s Political Theories Karl Marx (1818–1883), a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, and revolutionary socialist, is one of the most influential figures in the history of political thought. Marx's theories, particularly regarding the nature of society, politics, economics, and history, laid the foundation for the modern socialist and communist movements. His writings have profoundly impacted political ideologies, most notably Marxism, which has been a guiding philosophy for many socialist and communist movements globally. Marx’s political theory primarily revolves around the concepts of class struggle, historical materialism, the critique of capitalism, and the role of the state in class society. He advocated for revolutionary change, leading to the establishment of a classless society where the state and private property would be abolished. Ma...