By Dr. Farzeen 📘 UNIT II – Constitution and Civil Rights in India Consist:- Preamble of the Constitution Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35) Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) ✦ Preamble of the Indian Constitution 1. Meaning of the Preamble The Preamble is an introductory statement of the Constitution. It declares the ideals, objectives, and philosophy on which the Constitution is based. It acts as a "key to the Constitution" (in the words of Sir Ernest Barker). 👉 In simple terms, the Preamble is like the "soul" or "identity card" of the Constitution. 2. Origin and Inspiration Inspired by the American Constitution (which also begins with a Preamble – “We, the People…”). Drafted on the basis of the Objectives Resolution moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly (13 December 1946). Adopted on 26 November 1949 ; came into effect on 26 January 1950 . 3. Text of the Preamble (Key Words) “We, the people of India, having so...

 By. Dr. Farzeen 📘 UNIT I – INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL RIGHTS 📍 Coverage: What are Civil Rights – Definition & Significance Types of Rights – Civil, Political, Social, Economic Key Documents – Constitution of India & UDHR 1. Meaning of Civil Rights (a) Definition General Definition: Civil rights are the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality, protected by the law. Civil Rights are the set of rights that protect individuals’ freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They guarantee the ability to participate in the civil and political life of the society and state without discrimination or repression.  Legal Definition (Black’s Law Dictionary): “Civil rights are the personal rights guaranteed and protected by the Constitution and laws of the state.” Scholarly Views: Cranston (1962): Civil rights are those rights without which democracy is not possible. Dr. B.R. Ambedka...

Political Science Minor 2nd sem. (June, 2025)  Awareness with Civic Rights Short Answer 1. What do you understand by Rights? Discuss. अधिकारों से आप क्या समझते हैं? चर्चा करें। 2. Define legal Rights. कानूनी अधिकारों को परिभाषित करें। 3. What are the six freedoms guaranteed under Article 19? अनुच्छेद 19 के तहत किन छह स्वतंत्रताओं की गारंटी दी गई है? 4. What is the significance of Article 32 in the protection of Fundamental Rights? मौलिक अधिकारों के संरक्षण में अनुच्छेद 32 का क्या महत्व है? 5. Why is it important to balance rights with obligations in society? समाज में दायित्वों के साथ अधिकारों को संतुलित करना क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है? 6. What do you understand by RTI? Discuss. आर.टी.आई. से आप क्या समझते हैं? चर्चा करें। 7. Write a short note on Right to Education. शिक्षा के अधिकार पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखें। 8. Write a short note on Cyber Crime. साइबर अपराध पर एक संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखें। Long Answer Type Questions 9. What do you understand by Human Rights? ...

 By  DR. FARZEEN Unit- 6: Australian Political System ------------------------------------- Historical Background of the Australian Constitution 1. Introduction The Australian Constitution is the supreme law that established the structure of government in Australia.  It came into force on 1st January 1901 , marking the Federation of Australia. 2. Colonial Background  From 1788 , Australia consisted of six separate British colonies:   1. New South Wales   2. Victoria   3. Queensland   4. South Australia   5. Western Australia   6. Tasmania Each colony had its own government and laws but remained under British control. 3. Need for Federation Growing concerns in the late 19th century led to discussions on unification: Economic reasons: Need for uniform trade regulations and tariffs. Defence concerns: A united front was needed for national defence. National identity: A sense of Australian nationalism was emerging. Railway standardisation: La...

 By Dr. Farzeen Bano Unit- 4, Russia ------------------------------------------- Russia : Historical Development of the Russian Constitution 1. Pre-Soviet Period (Before 1917) - Russia was a monarchy under the Tsarist regime . - The October Manifesto (1905)  led to the creation of the  Duma (Parliament)  but the Tsar retained autocratic powers. - No proper written constitution; governance was largely based on imperial decrees. 2. Soviet Era Constitutions a) Constitution of 1918 (RSFSR Constitution) - After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917,  this was the first Soviet constitution. - Established a dictatorship of the proletariat.  - Private property abolished; focus on workers’ and peasants’ rights. - Power centralized in the All-Russian Congress of Soviets. b) Constitution of 1924 (USSR Constitution) - Formalized the creation of the  Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) . - Gave limited autonomy to republics but central power remained dominant. - ...