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Vocational Paper B. A. 3rd Semester By Dr. Farzeen Khan Unit  IV: Policy Intervention-  Case Studies: NEP, MGNREGA, Panchayati Raj, Environmental Policies, Wellfare plans for Women & Weaker Section,  ------------------------------------------------------------------ Women-Related Policies in India India has implemented several policies and schemes to promote the welfare, empowerment, and rights of women. These policies address issues related to health, education, employment, safety, and social justice, aiming to create a more equitable society for women. 1. National Policy for the Empowerment of Women (2001) The National Policy for the Empowerment of Women (2001)  is a comprehensive policy framework aimed at advancing women's development and ensuring their full participation in social, political, and economic spheres. The policy’s key objectives include: - Ensuring equal access to education, healthcare, and employment. - Promoting gender equality by eliminating g...

 Unit-I: Major Determinants: Political Parties, Intrest Groups, Pressure Groups, Mass Media, NGOs, Government Agencies, International Agencies +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ This Unit is divided into three parts for the convenience of the students, which are as following: 1st : Influences on Public Policy in India: Mass Media, NGOs, Government Agencies, and International Agencies.  2nd : Pressure Groups and Their Influence on Public Policy in India.  3rd : Public Opinion and its Influence on Public Policy in India.  ------------------------------------------------------- 1st Influences on Public Policy in India: Mass Media, NGOs, Government Agencies, and International Agencies This notes will cover the following sections: 1. Introduction 2. Mass Media and Its Influence on Public Policy 3. Non- governmental Organization (NGOs) and Its Influence on Public Policy 4. Government Agencies and Its Influence on Public Policy 5. International Agencies ...

Research Project format By  Dr. Farzeen Khan  Title: The Role of Media in Indian Politics: A Study of Influence on Public Opinion and Elections 1. Introduction    - Background of the Study:        The media, often referred to as the fourth pillar of democracy, plays a critical role in shaping political discourse in India. With the rise of mass media platforms such as television, newspapers, and more recently, social media, the ability of the media to influence public opinion and electoral outcomes has grown exponentially. This research aims to explore how various media channels impact political campaigns, voting behavior, and the overall perception of political parties during elections.          - Research Problem:        In recent years, concerns have been raised about media bias, sensationalism, and the role of "paid news" in Indian elections. This research seeks to answer: *To what extent d...

 Unit II Policy Making Process in India: Role of Parliament Parliament plays a crucial role in the policy-making process in India. As the supreme legislative body, it has the power to enact, amend, and repeal laws, thus shaping the country's public policies. The process of policy-making in India involves various stages, including the initiation, formulation, and implementation of policies, and Parliament is central to this entire process. This topic will cover the following sections: 1. Introduction to Policy Making in India 2. Role of Parliament in the Policy-Making Process    a. Legislative Function    b. Deliberative Function    c. Representation Function    d. Oversight Function 3. Stages of Policy Making and Parliament’s Role 4. Challenges Faced by Parliament in Policy Making 5. Conclusion ------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction to Policy Making in India Public policy in India refers to the actions taken by the govern...

 Unit I X:  Public Opinion  1. Meaning and Definition of Public Opinion Public opinion refers to the collective views, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of a group of people or the society at large on various public issues. It is a dynamic concept that evolves based on societal values, media influence, and political discourse. Definitions: - Abraham Lincoln  defines public opinion as " the will of the people. " - John Stuart Mill  considers public opinion as " the voice of the majority, " which affects government policies and decision-making processes. Public opinion often reflects the prevailing sentiment of the populace, which influences policy formulation, lawmaking, and governance.  2. Origin of the Term The term "public opinion" originated in the 18th century during the Enlightenment period in Europe, where philosophers like Rousseau and John Locke emphasized the importance of popular will. The French phrase "opinion publique" was used by ...

B. A. IIIrd Semester, Class Notes Paper Title: Foundation of Western Political Thought Unit VI: Utilitarian Thought: Bentham By Dr. Farzeen Khan 1. Introduction to Jeremy Bentham and Utilitarianism: - Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)  was a prominent English philosopher and political theorist, known for his pioneering work in the development of Utilitarianism , also referred to as the principle of utility  or the greatest happiness principle . - His key work, " An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation "  (written in 1780, published in 1789), laid the foundation for this philosophy, focusing on the idea that the rightness of actions should be judged based on their ability to produce happiness or  reduce suffering . - This book also reflected the American Revolution , a significant era symbolizing the rise of individual rights and shaping modern governance. 2. Morality According to Bentham: 2.1. Critique of Traditional Morality: - Bentham rejected traditio...