Unit III: Concept of dated Collection: Types of Data Collection-Qualitative and Quantitative methods, Methods of Primary data Collection- Questionnaire, Interview, Focus Group Discussion, Observation, Survey, Case studies, Diaries.   By  Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Concept of Data Collection Data collection refers to the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest systematically to answer research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. It is a critical step in research as it provides the foundation for accurate analysis and interpretation.   2. Types of Data Collection Data collection is broadly categorized into qualitative  and quantitative  methods:   Qualitative Methods Qualitative data collection focuses on non-numerical data that provide in-depth understanding and insights into the subject matter.   Characteristics of Qualitativ...

Unit IX: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Control Over Administration, Ombudsman ( with special reference to Lokayukta and Lokpal in India)  By  Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Control Over Administration Introduction Control over administration is essential to ensure accountability, transparency, efficiency, and compliance with the rule of law. In democratic systems, administrative actions are monitored and regulated by three key organs of the state: the legislature , the executive , and the judiciary.  Each organ exercises distinct yet complementary forms of control, forming a system of checks and balances.   1. Legislative Control Over Administration 1.1. Meaning  The legislature, as the law-making body, holds the administration accountable for implementing laws and managing public funds. It ensures that the executive acts in accordance with legislative in...

Unit I: International Politics: Definition, Scope, and Relevance By  Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------ International Politics  Meaning of International Politics  International Politics refers to the study and practice of relationships between sovereign states and other global actors, such as international organizations, non-state entities, and multinational corporations. It examines how nations interact, cooperate, and compete in a world characterized by anarchy, where no central authority exists to govern state behavior.   International Politics is broader than diplomacy or foreign policy and includes economic, cultural, military, and ideological aspects of inter-state relations. It analyzes power dynamics, conflict resolution, and cooperation on global issues. Key Definitions by Scholars  1. Hans Morgenthau:    Morgenthau defined international politics as the “ struggle for power among...

Unit VIII:  Financial Administration: Budget, and Budgetary Processes By Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Financial Administration: Definition and Explanation 1. Meaning of Financial Administration Financial administration refers to the systematic process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the financial resources of an organization, especially in the public sector. It is a critical function in governance and administration, ensuring that resources are utilized efficiently, policies are implemented effectively, and public accountability is maintained.   2. Definitions of Financial Administration  1. L.D. White , "Financial administration consists of all those operations involved in the collection, custody, and disbursement of public funds."   2 . M.E. Dimock, "Financial administration is concerned with raising, spending, and managing money in the best interest of the public." ...

  Unit VII: Bureaucracy and Civil Service; Generalist vs. Specialist Debate, Civil Service Neutrality By Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- B ureaucracy 1. Origin of the Term  The term "bureaucracy" is derived from the French word bureau  (meaning "desk" or "office") and the Greek word kratos  (meaning "power" or "rule"). The concept emerged during the 18th century to describe the growing power of administrative offices in governance. It gained prominence through Max Weber, a German sociologist, who provided a systematic analysis of bureaucracy in the early 20th century. 2. Meaning  Bureaucracy refers to an administrative system governed by structured hierarchies, standardized procedures, and a clear division of labor. It is often associated with the execution of laws and policies within government institutions. 3. Definitions 1. Max Weber : Bureaucracy is a "system of adminis...

Unit VIII: Democracy, types, Participatory & Representative By Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- De mocracy Democracy is a widely celebrated and practiced form of government, emphasizing the role of the people in governance. Its evolution, meaning, and types have shaped political systems worldwide. Origin of the Term "Democracy"  The term " democracy " originates from the Greek words " demos " (people)  and " kratos " (rule or power ), meaning " rule by the people."   - It was first practiced in ancient Greece, particularly in Athens around the 5th century BCE.   - Athenian democracy was direct, where citizens actively participated in decision-making.   Meaning of Democracy  Democracy is a system of governance where the power resides with the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It is based on the principles of equality, freedom, and participation. Defi...

  Unit IX: Political Parties, Pressure Group & Public Opinion By Dr. Farzeen Bano ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Political Parties Political parties are a fundamental element of modern democratic systems. They play a pivotal role in shaping political discourse, mobilizing voters, forming governments, and acting as intermediaries between the government and citizens.   Meaning and Definition of Political Parties Meaning: A political party is an organized group of people who share common ideologies, policies, and objectives and work together to gain political power, influence governance, and implement their agenda.   Definitions: 1. Edmund Burke , "A political party is a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavors the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed."   2. Maurice Duverger,   "A political party is a group of people with the aim of gaining polit...