B. A. 1st Sem, Unit: VIII, Political Science, Class Notes, According to KU- NEP

Unit VIII: Democracy, types, Participatory & Representative

By

Dr. Farzeen Bano

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Democracy

Democracy is a widely celebrated and practiced form of government, emphasizing the role of the people in governance. Its evolution, meaning, and types have shaped political systems worldwide.

Origin of the Term "Democracy" 

The term "democracy" originates from the Greek words "demos" (people) and "kratos" (rule or power), meaning "rule by the people."  

- It was first practiced in ancient Greece, particularly in Athens around the 5th century BCE.  

- Athenian democracy was direct, where citizens actively participated in decision-making.  

Meaning of Democracy 

Democracy is a system of governance where the power resides with the people, either directly or through elected representatives. It is based on the principles of equality, freedom, and participation.

Definitions of Democracy  

1. Abraham Lincoln, "Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people."  

2. Joseph Schumpeter, "Democracy is a system in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote."  

3. C.B. Macpherson, "Democracy is a system where individuals have the opportunity to participate in decisions that affect their lives."  

4. Bryce, "Democracy is the rule of the majority, respecting the rights of the minority."  

Characteristics of Democracy  

1. Popular Sovereignty: Ultimate authority lies with the people.  

2. Rule of Law: All individuals are subject to the same laws, ensuring equality.  

3. Free and Fair Elections: Citizens choose their representatives through periodic elections.  

4. Fundamental Rights: Ensures civil liberties like freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.  

5. Accountability and Transparency: Governments are accountable to the people.  

6. Pluralism: Encourages diversity of opinions, political parties, and interest groups.  

Theories of Democracy

1. Classical Theory 

   - Rooted in ancient Greek practices.  

   - Advocates direct participation of citizens in governance.  

   - Emphasizes equality, freedom, and common good.  

2. Elitist Theory  

   - Suggests that democracy is dominated by a small, elite group.  

   - Citizens play a passive role, mainly limited to voting.  

   - Key proponent: Joseph Schumpeter.  

3. Pluralist Theory 

   - Power is dispersed among multiple groups and institutions.  

   - Interest groups and organizations play a significant role in decision-making.  

   - Key proponent: Robert Dahl. 

4. Participatory Theory  

   - Advocates active involvement of citizens in governance.  

   - Stresses decentralization and community-level participation.  

   - Key proponents: C.B. Macpherson, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.  

5. Deliberative Theory

   - Emphasizes dialogue and rational debate in decision-making.  

   - Decisions are made through consensus after thorough discussion.  

   - Key proponents: Jürgen Habermas, Amy Gutmann.  

Types of Democracy

1. Representative Democracy 

- Meaning: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions and formulate laws on their behalf.  

- Characteristics:  

  - Elected officials act as the voice of the people.  

  - Popular in large, diverse societies where direct democracy is impractical.  

  - Ensures accountability through periodic elections.  

- Examples: India, the United States, the United Kingdom.  

- Advantages:  

  - Efficient in large states.  

  - Combines popular participation with professional expertise.  

- Criticism: 

  - Risk of detachment between representatives and the electorate.  

  - May lead to political elitism.  

2. Participatory Democracy

- Meaning: Encourages direct involvement of citizens in decision-making processes.  

- Characteristics: 

  - Citizens are actively engaged in policy formulation and implementation.  

  - Operates at local or grassroots levels.  

- Examples: Switzerland (referendums), participatory budgeting in Brazil.  

- Advantages:  

  - Promotes civic engagement and accountability.  

  - Ensures policies reflect public interest.  

- Criticism: 

  - Difficult to implement in large states.  

  - Time-consuming and may lead to decision paralysis.  

Key Principles of Democracy

1. Equality: All citizens have equal political rights and opportunities.  

2. Freedom: Emphasizes civil liberties and individual rights.  

3. Justice: Ensures social, economic, and political fairness.  

4. Participation: Active involvement of citizens in governance.  

5. Accountability: Governments must justify their actions to the people.  

Challenges to Democracy  

1. Corruption: Undermines public trust in democratic institutions.  

2. Populism:May erode democratic norms and values.  

3. Inequality: Economic and social disparities hinder equal participation.  

4. Authoritarianism: Threatens democratic governance through centralization of power.  

5. Lack of Political Awareness: Reduces informed participation.  

Conclusion  

Democracy remains the most celebrated form of governance, embodying values of equality, freedom, and justice. While representative and participatory democracies differ in approach, both emphasize the importance of people’s power in shaping policies and governance. Strengthening democratic institutions, promoting civic education, and addressing challenges can ensure its sustainability.  

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