By Dr. Farzeen Unit V: Challenges and Barriers to Civil Rights 1. Introduction Civil rights are meant to guarantee equality, dignity, and freedom for all citizens. However, in practice, these rights face barriers and challenges due to systemic flaws, social hierarchies, and structural inequalities. These challenges weaken democracy, social justice, and constitutional values . 2. System Barriers (a) Corruption Meaning: Misuse of public office for private gain. Forms: Bribery, nepotism, embezzlement, favoritism. Impact on Civil Rights: Delays in justice delivery. Denial of welfare schemes (ration, pensions, scholarships). Poor service delivery in health, education, employment. Example: PDS (ration system) corruption depriving poor families of food grains. (b) Misuse of Power Meaning: When authorities act arbitrarily, violating constitutional rights. Forms: Police excesses: Fake encounters, custodial deaths. Political misuse: ...

By Dr. FAZEEN FOUNDATIONS OF LEADERSHIP AND SELF-AWARENESS UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP 1. Meaning of Leadership Leadership refers to the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and guide others toward achieving common goals. It involves vision, communication, decision-making, and responsibility. Simple Definition: Leadership is the process of influencing people positively to work willingly for a goal. Key Features Influence (prabhav) Motivation (prerna) Guidance (margdarshan) Vision (drishti) Responsibility (zimmedari) Example: A class representative motivating students to participate in a college event shows leadership. 2. Characteristics of Leadership Goal-Oriented – Leaders work with a clear purpose. Example: A project leader sets weekly milestones. Influence and Motivation – Leaders inspire others. Example: A teacher motivates students to improve attendance. Communication Skills – Leaders express ideas clearly. Integr...

  Question.1.  सार्वजनिक नीति के मूल्यांकन (Public Policy Evaluation) की अवधारणा एवं आवश्यक मानदंड सार्वजनिक नीति का मूल्यांकन वह प्रक्रिया है जिसमें किसी नीति (Policy) की प्रभावशीलता, सफलता, विफलता, उपयोगिता, लागत और उसके वास्तविक परिणामों का व्यवस्थित अध्ययन किया जाता है। सरल शब्दों में, मूल्यांकन यह जांचता है कि— नीति ने अपने उद्देश्यों को कितना पूरा किया? नीति से समाज को वास्तविक लाभ हुआ या नहीं? नीति को जारी रखा जाए, सुधारा जाए या समाप्त कर दिया जाए? मूल्यांकन नीति-निर्माण का अंतिम लेकिन सबसे महत्वपूर्ण चरण माना जाता है क्योंकि यह नीति सुधार और भविष्य की नीतियों की गुणवत्ता बढ़ाने में मदद करता है। सार्वजनिक नीति मूल्यांकन के प्रकार (मुख्य रूप) पूर्व-मूल्यांकन (Pre-evaluation / Ex-ante Evaluation): नीति लागू होने से पहले उसके प्रभावों का अनुमान लगाना। उदाहरण: नई महिला सुरक्षा योजना लागू करने से पहले सरकार अनुमान लगाती है कि इससे अपराध दर में कितनी कमी आ सकती है। मध्यकालीन मूल्यांकन (Mid-term Evaluation): नीति लागू होने के दौरान इसकी प्रगति की समीक्...

 By Dr. Farzeen  Unit-5: Citizenship, Political System, Monarchy, Aristocracy, Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism & Military Dictatorship & Democracy 📘 CLASS NOTES: Concept of Citizenship (Based on O.P. Gauba) 1. Meaning of Citizenship O.P. Gauba explains that citizenship is a legal and political relationship between an individual and the state . A citizen is a full and permanent member of the state , enjoying rights and carrying duties. Simple Meaning: Citizenship means belonging to a state , enjoying protection and rights from the state, and performing duties toward it. Example: A person born in India, who holds an Indian passport, votes in elections, pays taxes, and enjoys constitutional rights is an Indian citizen . 2. Definitions of Citizenship O.P. Gauba: Citizenship refers to a bundle of rights and obligations that define the individual’s role and status in the state . T.H. Marshall (important for exams): Citizenship is composed of three rights ...

By Dr. Farzeen 🟩 Topic: Concept of Rights 1. Meaning of Rights The term “Right” refers to those claims or entitlements that are recognized and protected by society or the state, allowing individuals to act in certain ways. Rights are essential for the free and full development of human personality and are the foundation of liberty, equality, and justice in a democratic society. Simple Meaning: Rights mean “what is permitted or allowed to do” under moral or legal rules. Example: The right to education allows every child to go to school; the right to freedom of speech allows individuals to express their opinions. 2. Definitions of Rights T.H. Green: “Rights are those powers which individuals possess to secure the common good.” → This means that rights are not only for individual benefit but also for the welfare of society. Laski: “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek, in general, to be at his best.” John Locke: “Rights are natur...